Carbohydrates
1. Definition, classification with examples, chemical
properties
1.1Monosaccharides - Structure of glucose, fructose, and
galactose
1.2 Disaccharides - structure of maltose, lactose, and
sucrose
1.3 Polysaccharides - chemical nature of starch and
glycogen
1.4 Qualitative tests and biological role of carbohydrates
Proteins
Definition, classification of proteins based on
composition and solubility with examples
Definition, classification of amino acids based on
chemical nature and nutritional requirements with
examples
Structure of proteins (four levels of organization of
protein structure)
Qualitative tests and biological role of proteins and
amino acids
Diseases related to malnutrition of proteins.
Lipids
Definition, classification with examples
Structure and properties of triglycerides (oils and fats)
Fatty acid classification - Based on
chemical and nutritional requirements with
examples
Structure and functions of cholesterol in the body
Lipoproteins - types, composition and functions in the
body
Qualitative tests and functions of lipids
Nucleic acids
Definition, purine and pyrimidine bases
Components of nucleosides and nucleotides with
examples
Structure of DNA (Watson and Crick model), RNA and
their functions
Enzymes
Definition, properties and IUB and MB classification
Factors affecting enzyme activity
Mechanism of action of enzymes, Enzyme inhibitors
Therapeutic and pharmaceutical importance of
enzymes
Metabolism (Study of cycle/pathways without chemical
structures)
Metabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis, TCA cycle
and glycogen metabolism, regulation of blood glucose
Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of
Carbohydrates
Metabolism of lipids: Lipolysis, β-oxidation of Fatty acid
(Palmitic acid) ketogenesis and ketolysis. Diseases
related to abnormal metabolism of lipids such as
Ketoacidosis, Fatty liver, Hypercholesterolemia
Metabolism of Amino acids (Proteins): General
reactions of amino acids and its significance–
Transamination, deamination, Urea cycle and
decarboxylation. Diseases related to abnormal
metabolism of amino acids, Disorders of ammonia
metabolism, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria and
Jaundice.
Biological oxidation: Electron transport chain
and Oxidative phosphorylation
Water and Electrolytes
Distribution, functions of water in the body
Water turnover and balance
Electrolyte composition of the body fluids, Dietary
intake of electrolyte and Electrolyte balance
Dehydration, causes of dehydration and oral
rehydration therapy
Organ function tests
Functions of kidney and routinely performed tests to
assess the functions of kidney and their clinical
significances
Functions of liver and routinely performed tests to
assess the functions of liver and their clinical
significances
Lipid profile tests and its clinical significances
Introduction to Pathology of Blood and Urine
Lymphocytes and Platelets, their role in health and
disease
Erythrocytes - Abnormal cells and their significance
Normal and Abnormal constituents of Urine and their
significance
